Open Defecation in Floating Huts on Lake Chirua, Mecanhelas, Mozambique

Abstract

This study analyzes the health, environmental, and social impacts of open defecation in floating huts on Lake Chirua, Mecanhelas district, Niassa province. The objective was to understand the consequences of this practice for public health, the environment, and social dynamics, as well as the factors that sustain its persistence. The research adopted a quantitative approach, using structured surveys, field observations, and laboratory analyses of water quality. Results show that the population, with low levels of education, lives mainly from fishing and agriculture, directly depending on the lake. There is an almost complete absence of adequate sanitation infrastructure, which explains the persistence of the practice. Health data reveal high rates of fecal-related diseases, such as diarrhea and parasitic infections, affecting mainly children and pregnant women. Environmental analysis indicates high levels of fecal pollutants, threatening biodiversity and the sustainability of natural resources. In addition to the lack of infrastructure, cultural and economic factors sustain the practice, reinforced by cultural resistance and lack of awareness of the health risks. It is concluded that addressing open defecation requires a multidimensional approach, combining accessible technological solutions, education, cultural awareness, and public policies. The study provides insights for effective and context-sensitive interventions capable of improving the health and quality of life of lake-dwelling communities in Mozambique.